Poem Analysis Essay - 746 Words

Poem Analysis: I Go Back to May 1973 The poem being analyzed is entitled, â€Å"I Go Back to May 1973† by Sharon Olds. In the beginning of the poem, the image of innocence is lost but as the reader goes deeper into the heart and core of the text, the tone rapidly spirals into violence as well as resentment. I’m assuming that the author of the poem, Sharon Olds, is the narrator of this literary text. Sharon starts by reflecting her life story. She tells the tale of the beginning of her parent’s relationship as two fresh college graduates who venture into the world of marriage. The couple started off in an optimistic account for they were both unassumingly innocent. Nevertheless, everything started to go downhill later in life as Sharon,†¦show more content†¦After reading and analyzing the descriptions of both parents, I get an idea of what is about to happen next in the young college graduate’s lives as their relationship as a married couple turn into a train wreck and their bad par enting come into effect. The couple’s life fast forwards as one of their children start speaking in angry words of her current situation. The child, Sharon, would love to have the opportunity to go back in time and just warn them of the dark future that lies ahead of them. She says, â€Å"they are about to Ramos 3 graduate, they are about to get married/ they are kids, they are dumb, all they know is they are/innocent, they would never hurt anybody.† (10-12) Although her parents would not deliberately hurt anyone, it just so happens that they were too young and inexperienced in life to get married, have children and pass on the knowledge that would’ve been acquired if they still waited and figured out what they wanted most in life. Although Sharon constantly complains about the horrifying events that affected her childhood, she also says that: â€Å"I want to live. I take them up like the male and femaleShow MoreRelatedanalysis of poem1342 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ To analyze a poem stylistically, we can analyze the poetic device, which is usually deviation and foregrounding, that the poet used in the poem. The term foregrounding refers to an effect brought about in the reader by linguistic or other forms of deviation in the literary text (Leech, 1985).In poem, devices of foregrounding and deviation are always used to draw reader’s attention and impress the readers. In the aspect of deviation and foregrounding, there are some perspectives on the nature ofRead MorePoem Analysis : Langston Hughes Poem1258 Words   |  6 Pages Research Paper and Poem Analysis: Langston Hughes Poem Analysis: Langston Hughes’ poem â€Å"Mother To Son† is a twenty line poem that seems to be from the perspective of a prudent mother that is giving her son, and possibly the readers, some helpful and supportive advice, telling them that, no matter how many adversities they may face, they can not give up. I believe that this is the main theme of the poem, perseverance. â€Å"So, boy, don’t you turn back./ Don’t you set down on the steps./ ‘Cause youRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The 1641 Words   |  7 PagesBeautiful. That is how I would describe her. Rayah Lou’ren Gibson was the absolute light of my life. She was born on Thursday, August 14th, 2008. She was not my biological daughter, but she was and always will be my baby girl—my little princess. I often called her my angel. She loved dancing and singing, she loved the movie Frozen, the song, â€Å"Do You Want To Build A Snowman?†, and her favorite color was purple. She loved her frien ds, especially Alina. â€Æ' She really loved grocery shopping with me forRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem 896 Words   |  4 PagesThe Deformity The bright lights and unknown voices travelled around me. It surly wasn’t the first time I had experienced this, but it was the first time I could actually recognize what was going on. They tried to ease my nervousness with their soothing words, but being so anxious nothing could soothe me. It all started at birth. My deformity was nothing new to the medical world, but in my parent’s eyes it was something out of fiction. My feet were turned in like hockey sticks. In medical jargonRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Essay1253 Words   |  6 PagesQuiajah Freeman Professor Barberan English 29 October 2016 Recitatif If twentieth-century studies of Recitatif focus primarily on extremes—the white and black ends of the binary—instead of plumbing the depths of the murky space in between, twenty-first century scholarship on Recitatif better explicates how the story works on our preconceptions about race. For instance, referencing postmodernist understandings of race. (Philadelphia: Univ.of Penn. PressRead MoreThe Schoolboy Poem Analysis771 Words   |  4 PagesThe Schoolboy – Close critical analysis â€Å"The Schoolboy† is a poem about how education systems hinder youths from behaving naturally. For example, in this poem, the boy â€Å"love(s) to rise in a summer morn, When the birds sing on every tree†. However, he has â€Å"to go to school in a summer morn† and this â€Å"drives all (his) joy away†. Hence, from here we can see that societal norms destroy the innocence of youth as they repress their souls with so-called education. By doing so, the author is telling us toRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Fish 1047 Words   |  5 PagesModernist Poetry Analysis February 25, 2015 â€Å"The Fish† Imagism is a style of poetry that employs free verse and the patterns and rhythms of common speech. The poet is free to write about whatever they want. The goal is to unify voice and image into a talking picture. Poets then have the power to make words into things. This then creates a picture for the reader. Marianne Moore is able to perfectly get her point across without directly stating it but making it clear enough. Moore’s poem â€Å"The Fish† usesRead MorePoem Analysis836 Words   |  4 PagesExperiments suggested that linearly increasing perturbation rate is more desirable over other introduced perturbation rates. It was proposed that some more perturbation rate varying schemes such as adaptive, chaotic, non-linear etc. will be explored and their performance will be examined in near future. To enhance the local search ability of spider monkeys in the original SMO, K. Gupta, et al., [30] propounded a Quadratic Approximation operator in her research â€Å"Improving the local search abilityRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Beowulf 851 Words   |  4 Pagesoffers literary analysis of Beowulf, the oldest epic poem that has survived in English literature. It is also widely known as the earliest surviving piece of literatures in vernacular European Literature. The language of this poem is Old English, spoken by Saxon people. This poem depicts a traditional story that is a part of oral Germanic tradition. As per experts, this is work of a single poet and was composed in then England. It has been determined by the scholars that this poem was written betweenRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Dead 1416 Words   |  6 Pages The Dead Muse: A Critical Analysis of The Raven Your Name Your University â€Æ' The Dead Muse: A Critical Analysis of The Raven The Raven by Edgar Allen Poe is a very famous poem which intricately weaves layer upon layer of meaning through singsong verses. Combining allusions to literature, mythology and religion, the poem tells many stories at once while evoking a feeling of nonsense and a descent into insanity. It is hard to understand what the poem is about—if anything at all, and Poe does not

Problem Solution Riordan Manufacturing Essays - 1853 Words

Problem Solution: Riordan Manufacturing Riordan Manufacturing is a global plastics producer employing about 550 employees. The manufacturer has experienced a decrease in sales and a increase in employee turnover in the last few months. The paper will examine solutions to retain the customers and gain new ones as well as brainstorm viable solutions to combat employee retention. Communication will be key to the outcome of both problems. Situation Analysis Issue and Opportunity Identification Riordan Manufacturing has a multitude of problems that they are trying to correct in a reactionary manner. The innovative efforts of the company could have possibly been alleviated if the company had watched the changing trends in the industry and†¦show more content†¦Compensation in the workplace can be a very difficult subject to tackle. According to Business Week Online, major retailer Home Depot employees and stakeholders were very upset after Chief Operating Officer Robert Nardelli received after cutting full-time jobs and hours down to part-time with very little or no benefits. The exiting pay package consisted of a $210 million retirement package. Riordan is accused of demonstrating favoritism to some employees, promoting from the outside and untimely performance reviews. Overall the employees feel Riordan is a good company to work for however, feedback and pay packages must be tailored to the need of the individual employees job performance. Problem Statement Riordan Manufacturing will aspire to enhance customer relations and employee retention by catering to the needs of the customer while revamping employee incentive program. For example, Riordan will enhance the company’s market share by remaining innovative in their products and developing the team concept with the employees to better service the customer. End-State Vision Riordan Manufacturing will decrease employee turnover by demonstrating value to its employee’s by providing recognition, a competitive wage based on job performance and experience, and continued feedback for growth. Riordan Manufacturing will provide quality service through its innovative approach to marketing itsShow MoreRelatedProblem Solution: Riordan Manufacturing Essay3093 Words   |  13 PagesProblem Solution: Riordan Manufacturing This paper will be an analysis of the issues currently affecting Riordan Manufacturing. Riordan is facing an overall issue with low employee morale and motivation for several reasons. Changing its business strategy to team sales and support versus individual sales and support left Riordan with a compensation package not aligned with rewarding a team strategy. Desiring to remain a top player in the market Riordan needs to address several issues with performanceRead MoreEssay on Riordan Manufacturing Week 6 Problem Solution5835 Words   |  24 PagesRunning head: PROBLEM SOLUTION: RIORDAN MANUFACTURING Problem Solution: Riordan Manufacturing Elayne Limon, Bill Loski, Fatima Al-Mohannadi, Allison Pawloski, Daniel L. Knight II University of Phoenix MMPBL\530 April 23, 2012 Kathryn Adair Problem Solution: Riordan Manufacturing In today’s work place employee satisfaction is just as important as it has ever been in history. With employer cutbacks, job eliminations, pay reductions, and business closings employee satisfaction must be atRead MoreExecutive Summary of Business Processes1183 Words   |  5 Pagesrequirements for computer system enhancements. Riordan Manufacturing needs these enhancements to improve its inventory and manufacturing processes. Executive Summary About Riordan Manufacturing (RM) Dr. Riordan, a chemist, started Riordan Plastics in 1991 as a research and development company based on patents for creating high tensile strength plastic products. Riordan Plastics added manufacturing operations and became Riordan Manufacturing (RM) in 1992 (Apollo Group, Inc., 2006). RM employsRead MoreSituation Analysis and Problem Statement: Riordan Manufacturing Corporation1183 Words   |  5 PagesSituation Analysis and Problem Statement Imagine being Chief Executive Officer of a Fortune 1000 company with projected annual earnings of $46 million dollars and revenues totaling in excess of one billion dollars. However, the company has operated from a status quo position for years, you find that your company sales revenue is quickly declining, profits are uneven, and the ability to retain staff is being negatively impacted. As Chief Executive Officer it is your duty to turn the companyRead MoreAccounting Cycle Description Essay1480 Words   |  6 Pages Riordan Manufacturing Company sells plastic bottles, fans, heart valves, medical stents, and custom plastic parts. The Riordan Company uses the revenue cycle by increasing sales force promotions, offering price discounts and customer group services to existing customers and to new customers, Riordan Manufacturing Company plans to implement public relations activities, trade shows, brand development, and also giving sales force promotions (Riordan, 2006). Riordan Manufacturing has startedRead MoreEssay on Riordan Problem Solution991 Words   |  4 PagesProblem Solution: Riordan Manufacturing Riordan Manufacturing is a global plastics producer employing 550 people with projected annual earnings of $46 million. The company is wholly owned by Riordan Industries, a Fortune 1000 enterprise with revenues in excess of $1 billion. Production is divided among three plants: plastic beverage containers in Albany, Georgia; custom plastic parts in Pontiac, Michigan; and plastic fan parts in Hangzhou, China. Research and Development is conducted at corporateRead MoreEssay about Riordan Manufacturing, Incorporated1632 Words   |  7 PagesRiordan Manufacturing, Incorporated Riordan Manufacturing’s success is due to their industry-leading plastic molding. Riordan creates plastic products ranging from plastic bottles and fans to heart valves and medical stents. The company was founded by Dr. Riordan, a professor of chemistry, in 1991. Under the name of Riordan Plastics, Inc. the company’s initial focus was the research and development of their original plastic products. In 1992, Dr. Riordan purchased a fan manufacturing plant in PontiacRead Morelateral collaboration and vertical coll1740 Words   |  7 Pagesmore organically. Employees have open contact with each other and are more available to create collaborative solutions. The rigid structure of a vertical organization tends to slow communication between departments and from management to employees. Communication in a horizontal organization tends to be more organic and easily flows from one work group to the next. Riordan Manufacturing Riordan is the largest industry capable of making polymer products. They are proud on their strategic planning andRead MoreKirk Samuda Riordan Manufacturing1451 Words   |  6 PagesKirk Samuda University of Phoenix BSA/375 Week (4) Mr. Jeffrey Mc Nickle Riordan Manufacturing must acknowledge that the initiation of any project can get a black eye because of implementation problems. As such, they should realize that the major overall problem with implementation is that complexities associated with it, usually occurs when the solution is deployed. Hence, many of the details of implementation must be planned ahead of time. The HR amp; IT departments cannotRead MoreRiordan Manufacturing Strategic Plan Development1056 Words   |  5 PagesReview and Summary of Riordans Mission and Vision and Strategic Objectives Riordan Manufacturing is a global plastics manufacturer employing 550 people with projected annual earnings of $46 million. The company is wholly owned by Riordan Industries, a Fortune 1000 enterprise with revenues in excess of $1 billion (Apollo Group Inc., 2004). The Mission and Vision Statement of Riordan Manufacturing is four tier, concentrating on the company Focus, Customer Relationships, Employees and a Future

What is Drug Free Essays

A drug is any animal, vegetable, or mineral substance used in the composition of medicines. It also refers to any stuff used in dyeing or in chemical operations. It is a substance that is used as a medicine or narcotic. We will write a custom essay sample on What is Drug? or any similar topic only for you Order Now A drug is capable of altering natural biological processes, with their manipulating nature used in medicine as a corrective measure against deviances from these normal biological processes. As described in the Webster Dictionary (1992), a drug, is a substance, other than food intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man or other animals. It is any narcotic; also any substance or chemical agent, exclusive of food, employed for other than medical reasons to obtain a given physiological effect or to satisfy a craving. The drug affects the mind or body. The effect depends on the type of drug, the amount taken, when and how it is used, and the person who takes it (Webster, 1992). Drugs may be classified as uppers, downers, narcotics, mind-affecting (hallucinogens), or volatile chemicals. Uppers are stimulants that affect the nervous system to excite the user. Downers are depressants that affect the central nervous system to relax the user. Narcotics affect the nervous system, and change many of the normal activities of the body, and often produce an intense state of excitement or distortion of the user’s senses. Volatile chemicals are depressants acting upon the central nervous system. It is important for the first aider to be able to detect possible drug abuse at the overdose level and to relate certain signs to certain types of drugs (Webster, 1992 p. FA-28). There are four levels of drug use. Abstinence means not taking any drugs or any particular drug. Experimentation means trying a drug for the first time. It could be a doctor prescribing medicine, or a young person sniffing glue. If a user likes the effects of a drug, he or she may move to casual, recreational or regular use. Casual use is taking a drug only when a person feels like it or when a it is offered. Recreational use is a drug use for enjoyment in social situations. Regular use means taking drugs almost everyday. Habitual or problem drug becomes dependent (needs to have some of the drug everyday). The user may have very little control over his or her problem drug use. The effects of this dependence can be serious, and sometimes fatal. With certain drugs, the user can develop a tolerance, or get used to the drug. He or she has to take very large amounts to feel the same effects. These drugs include alcohol, opiates, LSD, caffeine, amphetamines and tranquilisers. Psychological dependence can develop with any type of drug. The user believes that he or she will not be able to lead a normal life without taking the drug and becomes very upset if it is not available. Physical dependence, when the body cannot work without a regular supply of the drug may happen with long term use. This is common with depressants and analgesics. Depressants slow the nervous system and relax the body. Alcohol is the most common, but other legal depressants are abused for these effects. These include barbiturates (sleeping pills), tranquilisers and solvents (glue and gases). Analgesics reduce the user’s reaction to pain, discomfort and anxiety. Opium, heroin and codeine are obtained from opium poppies. Methadone and pethidine are synthetic (chemical rather than natural) analgesics. Many analgesics have medical uses. Withdrawal symptoms, which make the user feel unwell, can happen when a regular user stops taking a drug. When a person has an overdose, he or she takes more of the drug than the body can cope with, becomes very ill and may even die (Brown and King 1990). Mechanisms of Drug Action To describe the mechanism of drug action in the brain, whenever a person uses a drug and the effect it produces is somehow pleasant, this effect gets a rewarding quality for that person. As experimental research by behavioural psychologists has demonstrated, all behaviours that are reinforced by a reward have a tendency to be repeated and learned. Successive repetitions, besides fixing the reward-producing behaviours, also fix all previously indifferent stimuli, sensations, and situations, eventually associated with those behaviours. Seeing particular places or persons, hearing specific music, etc, for instance, triggers in drug users the craving for their preferred drug. Using Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Dr. Edythe D. London and her colleagues at the Addiction Research Centre, in Baltimore, obtained images showing that in cocaine-users, cues associated with the use of the drug sparked an increase in the metabolism of glucose in brain areas that are associated with memory and learning (lateral pre-frontal cortex, amygdala, and cerebellum). Up to now, is far from complete our knowledge about the cerebral, chemical and structural changes that underlie reward and act as reinforcers for different behaviours, including that of drug use. Nevertheless, recent researches point to a chain of reactions, involving several neurotransmitters, leading to the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine in a brain region. Compare and contrast the Physical Dependence and Positive Incentive theories of drug addiction. Drug addiction has two components: physical dependency, and psychological dependency. Physical dependency occurs when a drug has been used habitually and the body has become accustomed to its effects. The person must then continue to use the drug in order to feel normal, or its absence will trigger the symptoms of withdrawal. Psychological dependency occurs when a drug has been used habitually and the mind has become emotionally reliant of its effects, either to elicit pleasure or relieve pain, and does not feel capable of functioning without it. Its absence produces intense cravings, which are often brought on or magnified by stress. A dependent person may have either aspects of dependency, but often has both. â€Å"Chipping† is also a term used to describe a pattern of drug use in which the user is not physically dependent and sustains ‘controlled use’ of a drug. This is done by avoiding influences that reinforce dependence, such that the drug is used for relaxation and not for escape. Physical Dependency Model After repeated exposure to certain drugs, withdrawal symptoms appear if the drug is discontinued. Withdrawal symptoms are compensatory reactions that oppose the primary effects of the drug. Therefore they are the opposite of the effects of the drug. Withdrawal effects are unpleasant and reduction in these effects would therefore constitute negative reinforcement. [Negative reinforcement is the reinforcement of behaviour that terminates an aversive stimulus] Negative reinforcement could explain why addicts continue to take the drug. However some addicts will endure withdrawal symptoms (go ‘cold-turkey’) in order to reduce their tolerance so that they can recommence drug intake at a lower dose which costs less to purchase. Concentrating on the role of physical withdrawal effects at the expense of other psychological factors led to the failure to recognize the addictive properties of cocaine. Cocaine does not produce physical dependency (tolerance and withdrawal symptoms) but it is more addictive than heroin. This diagram (redrawn from Julien, 1995), shows the changing pattern in the major drug used by patients admitted to drug treatment programs in New York City during the 1980s. It is also important to emphasize that reduction in withdrawal symptoms does not explain why people take drugs in the first place. Negative reinforcement may account for initial drug taking in some situations. For example, someone who is suffering from unpleasant emotions may experience a reduction in these feelings (i. e. negative reinforcement) following drug administration. However the most likely reason for drug taking involves positive reinforcement. Positive Reinforcement Model The reinforcing properties of a drug are thought to be reason why most people become addicted to drugs. Addictive drugs are positive reinforcers (Carlson, 2001). As you know positive reinforcement can lead to learning a new response, and the maintenance of existing behaviours. It follows that the behaviours associated with taking an addictive drug (i. e. injecting or smoking it) will increase in probability. One way of testing this claim is to examine the reinforcing properties of drugs in animals. We already know that conventional reinforcers support bar-pressing in animals, therefore if a drug maintains a response such as bar-pressing in an animal, it is a reinforcing stimulus. At one time it was believed that animals could not be made addicted to drugs, but that view is now rejected because technical developments have shown that animals will learn new behaviours that cause injection of drugs into their body. Explain how the study of reward circuits has provided a potential explanation of drug addiction. The study of reward circuits has provided a potential explanation of drug addiction. The reinforcing effects of drugs during intoxication create an environment that, if perpetuated, triggers the neuronal adaptations that result in addiction. Imaging studies in drug abusers as well as non–drug abusers have shown that drugs of abuse increase the extra-cellular concentration of drug addiction in the striatum and that these increases were associated with their reinforcing effects. The subjects who had the greatest increases in drug addiction were the ones who experienced drug effects such as â€Å"high,† â€Å"rush,† or â€Å"euphoria† most intensely. These studies also showed that the reinforcing effects appeared to be associated not only with the magnitude but also with the abruptness of the drug addiction increase. Thus, for an equivalent increase in drug addiction, the drug was experienced as reinforcing when it was injected intravenously, which leads to fast drug uptake in the brain and presumably very fast changes in drug addiction concentration, but not when it was given orally, which leads to a slow rate of brain uptake and presumably slow increases in drug addiction concentration. The dependency of the reinforcing effects of drugs on fast and large increases in drug addiction concentration is reminiscent of the changes in drug addiction concentration induced by phasic drug addiction cell firing (fast-burst firing 30 Hz), which also leads to fast changes in drug addiction concentration and whose function is to highlight the saliency of stimuli. This contrasts with tonic drug addiction cell firing (slow firing at frequencies around 5 Hz), which maintains base-line steady-state drug addiction levels and whose function is to set the overall responsiveness of the drug addiction system. This led us to speculate that the ability of drugs of abuse to induce changes in drug addiction concentration that mimic but exceed those produced by phasic drug addiction cell firing results in over-activation of the neuronal processes that highlight saliency, and that this is one of the relevant variables underlying their high reinforcing value. However, studies show that increases in drug addiction concentration during intoxication occur in both addicted and non-addicted subjects, so this by itself cannot explain the process of addiction. Since drug addiction requires chronic drug administration, we suggest that addiction results from the repeated perturbation of reward circuits (marked drug addiction increases followed by drug addiction decreases) and the consequent disruption of the circuits that it regulates (motivation/drive, memory/learning, and control). Indeed, imaging studies in drug-addicted subjects have consistently shown long-lasting decreases in the numbers of drug addiction D2 receptors in drug abusers compared with controls. In addition, studies have shown that cocaine abusers also have decreased drug addiction cell activity, as evidenced by reduced drug addiction release in response to a pharmacological challenge with a stimulant drug. We postulate that the decrease in the number of drug addiction D2 receptors, coupled with the decrease in drug addiction cell activity, in the drug abusers would result in a decreased sensitivity of reward circuits to stimulation by natural reinforcers. This decreased sensitivity would lead to decreased interest in ordinary (day-to-day) environmental stimuli, possibly predisposing subjects for seeking drug stimulation as a means to temporarily activate these reward circuits. Imaging studies provide evidence of disrupted sensitivity to natural reinforcers in addiction. For example, in a study by Martin-Solch and colleagues, the meso-striatal and meso-corticolimbic circuits of opiate addicts were not activated in response to natural reinforcers, whereas they were in controls subjects. Similarly, in a second study by the same group, DA-regulated reward centres in tobacco smokers failed to activate in response to monetary reward. Interestingly, decreased sensitivity of reward circuits to acute alcohol administration has also been documented in cocaine abusers compared with control subjects. These findings suggest an overall reduction in the sensitivity of reward circuits in drug-addicted individuals to natural reinforcers, but also possibly to drugs besides the one to which they are addicted (extracted from the Journal of Clinical Investment May 15, 2003). How to cite What is Drug?, Papers

Medical marijuana use Essay Example For Students

Medical marijuana use Essay The legalization of marijuana for medicinal purposes has become an increasingly controversial topic, with many different issues on which people have many different opinions. There is opposition to the legalization of marijuana for medicinal purposes because it has the potential to be used incorrectly, however it is also considered that there is the potential for marijuana to be used in relieving the suffering of many seriously ill patients. Marijuana has been used by people for thousands of years to provide relief from many different serious medical problems. There are many doctors who currently support the effectiveness of using marijuana as treatment for various medical conditions. The many people who are suffering from cancer, multiple sclerosis, and AIDS have found that marijuana can be a very effective pain and symptom reliever. The legalization of marijuana for medicinal purposes is viewed by its opposers as one of the worst things that we could do. Their reasons are that they feel that marijuana should not be legalized for medical use because it is an illegal substance and until that is changed, prescribing it is against the law. Attorney General Janet Reno announced that physicians in any state who prescribe the drug could lose the privilege of writing prescriptions, be excluded from medicare and Medicaid reimbursements, and even be prosecuted for a federal crime (Kassier 1). Government officials such as Janet Reno are not the only ones to object to the legalization of marijuana. Many parents groups like Mothers Against Drunk Drivers object to the legalization of marijuana for medical uses. Their objections come from a reasonable concern that there has been an increase in the use of marijuana by youth. Their concern is expanded since the marijuana of today is much more potent than the marijuana of a few decades ago. The potential for these teens to obtain the drug would increase. Also, the Federal Health and Drug enforcement officials feel that by legalizing marijuana, they would be sending the wrong message to young people (Your Health 1). Strong evidence that shows that regular use of marijuana for long periods of time could cause severe lung damage (Your Health 3). If the use of marijuana could damage a patients lungs, then the risk could outweigh the benefit. Marijuana smoke can be twice as toxic as tobacco smoke to a human lung. The strongest point that many make opposing the legalization of marijuana is that there just is no clear evidence that smoking marijuana can help an individual who is ill (Marijuana for the Sick 2). Countless amounts of research has been done but both sides have countered each other with facts and studies. What are the benefits and what are the clear cut negatives? The concept of using marijuana for medical use is nothing new. Marijuana is one of the oldest drugs known to man, the use of it has been documented as far back as 2700 B.C. in a Chinese manuscript. The Chinese would injest or inhale the Marijuana and feel pain relief for headaches and small aches and pains (Marijuana 1). The Chinese spread the concept over time, and while it never began a popular drug in most other societies, it still existed and was a common pain reliever. In 1839, a respected member of the Royal Academy of Science, Dr. W. B. OShaugnessy, was one of the first in the medical profession, who presented positive facts dealing with marijuana and medicine (History in Brief 3). His work helped open up the medical world to marijunas medical usees. The drug itself was not used as a popular recreational drug at the time and for this reason few saw a problem with using it for medical purposes. From 1840 to 1900, more than one hundred articles by American and European medical journals were published that showed the therapeutic uses of marijuana (Bakalar 2). Marijuana was recommended to stimulate appetites, and relax muscles, so if marijuana was effective in treating those ailments during this time period. Its defenders point out that the drug was praised by the patients and doctors alike. In 1988, Judge Francis Young, an examiner on administrative issues for the Drug Enforcement Agency, recommended that marijuana be reclassified for medical .